“I am an historian, I am not a believer, but I must confess as a historian that this penniless preacher from Nazareth is irrevocably the very center of history. Jesus Christ is easily the most dominant figure in all history.” – H.G. Wells
The Carpenter Who Changed the World
Why is the most influential person in human history a poor Jewish carpenter who never traveled more than two hundred miles from his hometown?
Common sense would tell us that the most impactful figure of all time should have been a conquering warlord, a mighty king of a global empire, a high-flying politician, or maybe a famous inventor. Someone who wielded vast armies, wealth, or power. Yet, history’s greatest life was none of these. In fact, he lived the antithesis of what we would expect would be the most exalted life in the world.
Jesus of Nazareth wrote no book, held no office, commanded no military, and left behind no possessions. Yet more books have been written about him than anyone who has ever lived. Our calendars turn on his birth. His teachings have inspired hospitals, universities, charities, and moral revolutions for thousands of years.
How do we explain that?
If Jesus truly claimed to be God — and the historical record shows he did — then we’re left with only three options. As C.S. Lewis famously put it, he was either a liar, a lunatic, or the Lord. But before we can reach any conclusion, we must ask a more basic question: Can we trust the records that tell his story?
I. The Historical Foundation of the Gospels
Before testing Jesus’ claims, we have to determine whether the New Testament is historically credible or simply religious folklore.
Early Eyewitness Testimony
The earliest Christian writings are shockingly close to the events themselves. Creedal statements such as the one preserved in 1 Corinthians 15 — affirming Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection — date to within two to five years of the crucifixion. That’s not enough time for myth to replace memory.
The Gospels themselves were written by, or under the supervision of, eyewitnesses. Matthew and John walked with Jesus; Mark drew from Peter; Luke from Paul and extensive interviews and investigation. Together with Paul, Peter, James, and others, we have multiple independent accounts — written using the best historical practices of their time. Luke, in particular, anchors his Gospel in verifiable details: names, titles, trade routes, political figures, and geography — all confirmed by modern archaeology.
Textual Reliability
The New Testament is the most well-documented collection of ancient writings in existence. Over 25,000 manuscripts survive, with 99.5% textual accuracy. The remaining half-percent are minor spelling or grammatical variations — none affecting doctrine or meaning. By comparison, we have fewer than a dozen reliable manuscripts for works like Plato or Tacitus, yet no one questions their authenticity.
External Confirmation
The Gospels are not isolated religious writings. Over 30 real historical figures mentioned in the New Testament have been independently verified. Non-Christian historians — including Josephus, Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, Suetonius, and others — confirm that Jesus lived, was crucified under Pontius Pilate, was believed to have performed miracles, and was worshiped as divine by his followers soon after his death.
Archaeology, too, repeatedly affirms the accuracy of the Gospel writers. Luke alone has been credited with over 80 verified historical details confirmed by archaeology, many unknown until modern discoveries.
If the records are this reliable, then it’s fair to take Jesus’ words and actions seriously. Just who exactly was he?
II. The Trilemma Test of Character
If the historical Jesus truly said and did what the Gospels record, we face a profound problem of exclusivity. A man who claimed to be the Creator of the universe cannot be dismissed as “just a good moral teacher.” There is either something very credible and worth examining in his claim… or this peasant carpenter had a few screws loose. The concept of him living a holy life or being a great moral example completely falls apart when we consider his claims of being God.
Not a Liar
Nothing in Jesus’ life suggests deceit. He taught the highest moral standards the world has ever known — truthfulness, humility, radical love of enemies, forgiveness without limit. He lived consistently with his teaching. Even his enemies called him “teacher” and “rabbi” with respect. And when charged with blasphemy for claiming equality with God, he chose crucifixion over retraction. People may die for what they believe is true — but no one willingly dies for what they know is false. The same holds true for his disciples and witnesses to his divinity; no one chooses to undergo torture and death for something they know is a lie.
Not a Lunatic
If Jesus’ claims were false but sincere, we’d expect the signs of delusion. Yet psychological experts have noted that Jesus displayed perfect emotional balance, self-awareness, and insight into human nature. His words remain among the most profound ever spoken. His composure under pressure and empathy toward others reveal not madness, but mastery.
In 1988, the former President of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and one of the leading practitioners in psychosomatic medicine and existential psychotherapy set out to analyze the very claim of Jesus’ sanity in their book Mad or God? The results of their findings were: “No mentally sick person, no evil man, would ever have been able to speak or behave in the impeccable and influential way that Jesus did.”
Authenticity of Testimony
As we mentioned in our analysis into the credibility of biblical accounts, the Gospels ring true precisely because they include embarrassing and counterproductive details. The disciples are portrayed as cowardly and slow to understand. Women — whose testimony held little legal weight in that culture — are named as the first witnesses to the empty tomb. Gentiles played as important roles as Jews. Hard sayings like “The Father is greater than I” are left intact, even though they could cause confusion. Forgers don’t write that way. Honest reporters do.
If Jesus was neither liar nor lunatic, we’re left with only one possibility: that he was telling the truth. But did anything in his life confirm that claim?
III. The Evidence for Deity: Prophecy and Power
Jesus didn’t merely claim divinity — he backed it up with evidence.
Fulfilled Prophecy
The Hebrew Scriptures, written centuries before Jesus, contain a detailed “messianic fingerprint.” His birthplace (Micah 5:2), lineage (Genesis 49:10), identifying Jesus’ method of death a thousand years before crucifixion was even invented (Psalm 22), and resurrection (Psalm 16:10) were all foretold long before he was born.
The mathematical odds of one person fulfilling even eight such prophecies by chance are 1 in 10¹⁷ — one in one hundred quadrillion. To picture that, imagine covering the entire state of Texas with silver dollars two feet deep, marking one with an “X,” and asking a blindfolded person to find it on the first try.
Now consider that Jesus fulfilled not eight, but over three hundred specific prophecies. The probability becomes so astronomical that chance itself becomes mathematically impossible.
Sinless Life and Miracles
Even Jesus’ enemies couldn’t point out a single fault or sin in his life. Pilate declared, “I find no guilt in this man.” The crowds testified that “he does all things well.”
The Gospels record over thirty distinct miracles — healings, exorcisms, mastery over nature, and even raising the dead. These are not late embellishments; miracle traditions are embedded in the earliest accounts of his life and teachings.
Claims of Deity
Jesus spoke and acted with divine authority: forgiving sins, claiming preexistence (“Before Abraham was, I AM”), divine power (“All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me”), and declaring unity with the Father (“The Father and I are one”). His Jewish audience understood these as explicit claims to deity — and sought to stone him for blasphemy.
But one historical event would cast the verdict once and for all.
IV. The Resurrection: History’s Turning Point
Christianity doesn’t rest on vague spirituality or moral teaching. It stands or falls on a single historical claim: that Jesus of Nazareth rose from the dead.
The Core Facts (Virtually Undisputed Among Scholars)
Jesus was crucified and died.
He was buried in the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea.
That tomb was found empty.
Many individuals and groups claimed to have seen him alive afterward.
His followers were radically transformed, willing to suffer and die for this belief.
These are not theological statements; they’re historical data supported by Christian and non-Christian sources alike.
The Empty Tomb
If Jesus’ body had remained in the tomb, the Resurrection story would have been dead and buried right there in Jerusalem. The authorities only needed to produce the corpse — yet they never did. Instead, they circulated a desperate explanation: that the disciples must have stolen the body — a theory that collapsed under scrutiny, both ancient and modern. Terrified fishermen could not have overpower Roman guards, stolen a body, and then chose to die heinous deaths for their own deception. And Roman guards would have been put to death for not stopping them.
Alternative Theories Fail
The “swoon theory” (that Jesus merely fainted) ignores medical realities (e.g., the separating of blood and water) of crucifixion and Roman expertise at execution (these guys were pros at killing; a brutal crucifixion never failed).
The “hallucination theory” fails to explain group appearances, such as Jesus appearing to over 500 people at once (1 Corinthians 15).
The “stolen body theory” contradicts both psychology and history — the disciples had nothing to gain and everything to lose by inventing a resurrection.
The Explosive Aftermath
Within weeks, the same city that executed Jesus became the birthplace of the Christian movement. Thousands of Jews — including priests and skeptics — began worshiping him as God. They abandoned 1,500 years of religious tradition, even though doing so brought persecution and death. Something happened — something powerful enough to alter the course of history.
V. The Verdict: Lord of History
When we examine the evidence — the historical reliability of the Gospels, the integrity of Jesus’ character, the fulfillment of prophecy, the miracles, and the Resurrection — the conclusion is difficult to escape.
C.S. Lewis summarized it plainly:
“You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse... But let us not come with any patronizing nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us.”
It seems author S.D. Gordon most eloquently summed up the response to this choice by stating, “Jesus is God spelling Himself out in language that men can understand.”
Jesus was by far the most influential person in history. Yet he held no military rank, served in no government, held no earthly wealth or possessions, and was put to death after only thirty-three short years. But his life and legacy did not stop there. Two thousand years later, the world still divides around one question — the very question Jesus asked his disciples:
“But what about you?” he said. “Who do you say I am?”
— Matthew 16:15
